Role of the Researcher and Participants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Job of the Researcher and Participants - Essay Example Since this examination utilizes top to bottom talking, the specialist needs to direct the meetings and control polls, while guaranteeing that the data accumulated is important and is of high caliber. In this exploration, the specialist will fill in as the human instrument; along these lines, will be accused of posing examining inquiries, tuning in, and getting into the more profound degrees of the meetings with members (Hammersley, 2010). Prior to information assortment, it is the job of the specialist to pick the exploration populace, including the measures for choice, just as the strategy for the examination. In this exploration consequently, the scientist based the basis for choice of members on the part of their involvement with universal arrangements. Along these lines, the specialist has the job of guaranteeing that solitary those people meeting the measures for choice take part in the examination. This will be basic in guaranteeing that the information gathered is pertinent to the examination subject, and is of high caliber, as the correct members will have the capacity of giving legitimate and significant bits of knowledge into the exploration theme. Another significant job of the specialist during the examination procedure is to guarantee positive relationship with the members, including the representatives of the associations from which a portion of the information will be drawn. It is vital for the scientist to guarantee that the reaction from members is certain. This can predominantly be accomplished by guaranteeing that the connection between the specialist and members is sure. Through this, the members will have an uplifting mentality toward the specialist, and will be obliged to coordinate with the... Job of the Researcher and Participants The specialist and the members are center to any examination procedure. These have various jobs they play, which are significant in guaranteeing the effective finish of the examination procedure. This paper centers around my job as an analyst, including ways that I will receive to guarantee a decent connection with the members and workers, with whom I will communicate during the examination procedure. The planned examination on Indian arrangement styles is subjective in nature, and is likewise a phenomenological study. Inside and out meetings with explicit members and polls will be utilized, so as to acquire their observations on arrangements in India. Besides, the members in this examination incorporate business directors, who have involvement with dealings in India. Then again, the scientist is a prepared individual in the field of Business Management and International Business, and is presently satisfying the necessities for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration. This co ncise foundation about the exploration, the scientist, and the examination members is fundamental, as it helps in deciding the specific situations and jobs of members and the specialist in the examination procedure. Submitted members will keep time during interviews and will display a high enthusiasm for the examination. On the off chance that the analyst and members assume their various jobs in a persevering way, it is no uncertainty that quality information will be gathered, and the examination will be effective.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Essay

This article has profoundly investigated the significances of instruction. The alternate points of view that the writer of the article has utilized in clarifying the essentialness of instruction has made me to comprehend the honorable piece of training which I however was expanded monetary force. Anyway from the article, I have understood that there are different advantages accumulated to instruction, for example, improved way of life, and furthermore the norm of an individual however they have not been completely depleted in the article. The finishing of tertiary instruction has likewise increment in Organization for Economic Co-activity and Development (OECD) individuals have additionally discovered that there is disparity in monetary winning in the OECD nation individuals with Spain, Luxembourg and Belgium having the most reduced degree of sex imbalance. This anyway doesn't adjust in all nations particularly the creating nations where the degree of joblessness is high. There is elevated level of jobless alumni in the creating nations which deny instruction of its significance. The pay rate in the creating nations don't coordinate with training level because of elevated level of debasement in these nations. It is conceivable to discover a Bachelor qualification holder gaining not exactly a school certificate holder. The instruction in various nations shift in hugeness and in the created nations the individuals appreciate the advantages of training more than the individuals in the creating nations. The articles investigation on sciences and maths score has brought the away from of execution across various nations. Much the same as numerous individuals, I was unable to have envisioned that the United States could be driven by some other nation in the science and innovation division. Incredibly from the articles investigation regarding these matters (Science and Maths), Asian nations take a lead including Singapore, China, South Korea and Japan. It have likewise been noticed that various nations vary fundamentally fair and square of instruction and training accomplishment. The sexual orientation imbalance in gaining is noticeable in the creating nations which the article ought to have centered. The article did exclude African states in the investigation with the exception of in the science and math execution. I feel that the article required a greater amount of correlation on training in Africa with the primary world nations which could have realized an away from of instruction in the two incongruities. The article could have examined about the future possibility of training on the planet. With the improved innovation, various people from various nations can obtain all inclusive training and henceforth odds of work increment. The degree of rivalry in training is likewise prone to go higher as youngsters at a lower age are being presented to innovation, for example, the web. The article need accordingly to address the eventual fate of training in the globe. The advantages of instruction are more extensive than the article is expressing. Instruction assumes a significant job in the preservation of the earth. The degree of instruction decides the ones degree of ecological cognizance. With the danger of a worldwide temperature alteration, training through making mindfulness and giving answers for the issue can have any kind of effect.

The 2 Primary Symptoms of OCD

The 2 Primary Symptoms of OCD OCD Symptoms and Diagnosis Print The Basics of OCD The Basics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Explained By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 15, 2019 mother image / Getty Images More in OCD Symptoms and Diagnosis Causes Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Youve probably heard people jokingly proclaim themselves OCD as they straighten an askew picture on the wall or wipe their shopping cart handle down with antibacterial wipes, but are they just perfectionists or do they really have OCD? How common is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? What factors lead to a diagnosis?   What Is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by two core symptomsâ€"obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are thoughts, images, or ideas that wont go away, are unwanted, and cause extreme distress. For example, you might worry constantly about becoming contaminated with a deadly disease; that you will do something terrible, like scream out an obscenity at a funeral; or that something horrible will happen to a loved one. Other common obsessions include repeated doubts, such as believing you may hit someone with your car; a need for order; aggressive or disturbing ideas such as thoughts of murdering your partner or child; and disturbing sexual and religious imagery. Compulsions are behaviors that you feel you must carry out over and over. For instance, if youre obsessed with contamination, you might wash your hands over and over again. Other common compulsions include cleaning, counting, checking, requesting or demanding reassurance, and ensuring order and symmetry. Diagnosis of OCD OCD cannot be  diagnosed  using a blood test, though a blood test may be used to rule out physical problems that could be causing symptoms.OCD is ultimately diagnosed based on the frequency, severity, and nature of  symptoms  using the clinical judgment of  qualified mental health professionals. Obsessions and compulsions are usually continual and long-lasting and may negatively affect relationships, work, school, and other areas of life. People with OCD may spend an hour or more a day either thinking about their obsession or engaging in behaviors that temporarily relieve the anxiety caused by their obsession, (i.e., scrubbing their hands until theyre raw because they feel dirty). However, it is possible to have only the obsessions or only the compulsions and still be diagnosed with OCD. The key component of a diagnosis is that the OCD is interfering with your quality of life. Causes of OCD OCD affects about 1.2% of adults and is sometimes diagnosed in childhood. There is no difference in the rate of OCD among men and women. People of all cultures and ethnicity are affected. No one knows exactly what causes obsessive-compulsive disorder, though there is evidence of a genetic component. If a parent, sibling, or child is diagnosed with OCD, there is a higher risk of developing the disorder, especially if the relative was diagnosed as a child or teenager. There is also evidence that certain parts of the brain simply do not function correctly. Research on genetics and brain abnormalities is ongoing.   Treatment of OCD OCD is not curable, but it responds to treatment with medication, particularly a class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), as well as psychotherapy. Exposure therapy may be particularly helpful to people whose OCD significantly impacts their quality of life. Many people with OCD find that they get the best result by combining medical and psychological treatment. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How to Make Bromocresol Green Indicator

Bromocresol green (BCG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is used as a pH indicator for titration, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and microbiological growth media. Its chemical formula is C21H14Br4O5S. The aqueous indicator is yellow below pH 3.8 and blue above pH 5.4. This is the recipe for bromocresol green pH indicator solution. Key Takeaways: Bromocresol Green Indicator Recipe Bromocresol green is a pH indicator that is yellow below pH 3.8 and blue over pH 5.4. Between pH 3.8 and 5.4 it is green.The indicator is made from bromocresol green powder dissolved in ethanol.Bromocresol green is most often used for electrophoresis, titration, and in microbial growth media. Bromocresol Green pH Indicator Ingredients 0.1 g of bromocresol greenethyl alcohol Prepare the Bromocresol Green Solution 0.1% in alcohol Dissolve 0.1 g of bromocresol green in 75 mL of ethyl alcohol.Dilute the solution with ethyl alcohol to make 100 ml. 0.04% aqueous Dissolve 0.04 g of bromocresol green in 50 mL of deionized water.Dilute the solution with water to make 100 ml. While bromocresol green is usually dissolved in ethanol or water, the dye is also soluble in benzene and diethyl ether. Safety Information Contact with bromocresol green powder or indicator solution may cause irritation. Contact with skin and mucous membranes should be avoided. Sources Kolthoff, I.M. (1959). Treatise on Analytical Chemistry. Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc. New York.Sabnis, R. W. (2008).  Handbook of Acid-Base Indicators. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

My Cousin Is A Timid And Unsocial Girl - 1576 Words

ï  µ Refuses to Talk to Other People My cousin is a timid and unsocial girl. When she transferred to a new school, she rarely communicated with her classmates and therefore, did not have any new friends. Research has found that students involved in bullying are at greater risk for a number of mental health problems such as increased feelings of loneliness, a loss of self-esteem, and difficulties making friends or maintaining relationships with classmate (2001). When she suffered from extreme anxiety and panic attacks over the past few periods, she barricaded herself and refused to talk to other people, even her parents. ï  µ Afraid to Go to School Due to my cousin being a new student, she is not too familiar with her new environment and finds†¦show more content†¦Figure 1shows that students report lower academic achievement levels are more likely to be involved in bullying. Figure 1: Linkages between academic achievement and involvement in bullying (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/dca-dea/publications/yjc/ch5_113_118-eng.php) Recommendations of preventing school bullying In order to build up a safe environment where my cousin can thrive socially and academically; the school should take the following actions to address bullying. ïÆ' ¼ Establish Firm Policy to Stop Bullying Behavior Schools are responsible for keeping students safe. The school should develop a policy on bullying and aggressive or violent behavior. ( Rigby, K. 2001) Include both the rules and expectations and the consequences for breaking the rules. Make sure that all students, their parents and guardians, and community members are aware of the policy. Review the policy on a regular basis to make sure it is relevant. ïÆ' ¼ Provide Adequate Monitoring in Bully-prone Areas Bullying occurs everywhere: in home, high schools and in the workplace. (Olweus,1995). Teachers and administrators need to be aware that bullying generally happens in school areas. Figure 2 shows that the classroom; bathroom hallways and playground are three main bully-prone areas. If a teacher observes bullying in a classroom, he or she needs to immediately

Metabolism Free Essays

The life support activity of even the most structurally simple organism involves a large number of complex biochemical reactions. Most, although not all, of the biochemical processes of bacteria also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on Metabolism or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, some bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) can grow on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia. This paper examines some representative chemical reactions that either produce energy (the catabolic reactions) or use energy (the anabolic reactions) in microorganisms. We will also look at how these various reactions are integrated within the cell. II. Discussion A. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions We use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Because chemical reactions either release or require energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided into two classes of chemical reactions—those that release energy and those that require energy. In living cells, the chemical reactions that release energy are generally the ones involved in catabolism, the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones. These reactions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions. On the other hand, the energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and require energy to form a new chemical bonds. Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds store energy; when they are broken, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water. Catabolic reactions furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions. This coupling of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (ATP). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups. When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed, and energy is released to drive anabolic reactions. Using P to represent a phosphate group, we can write this reaction as (ATP— ADP + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is used to combine ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy— ATP). Thus, anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing; some molecules are being broken down while others are being synthesized. This balanced flow of chemicals and energy maintains the life of a cell (â€Å"Metabolism; What is it exactly and how fast or slow should it be?†). B. Enzymes Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken. In order for reactions to take place, atoms, ions, or molecules must collide. Whether a collision produces a reaction depends on the speed of the particles, the amount of energy required to trigger the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific configuration of the particles. The physiological temperature and pressure of organisms are too low for chemical reactions to occur quickly enough to maintain the life of the organism. Raising the temperature and pressure and the number of reacting molecules can increase the frequency of collisions and the rate of chemical reactions. However, such changes could damage or kill the organism. The living cell’s solution to this problem is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions in several ways. For example, an enzyme may bring two reactant molecules close together and may properly orient them to react. Whatever the method, the result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressure inside the cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003). Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes serve as biological catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. Each acts on specific substance, called the enzyme’s substrate (or substrates when there are two or more reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, sucrose (table sugar) is the substrate of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose. The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their structures. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to several million. Each of the thousands of known enzymes has a characteristics three-dimensional shape with a specific surface configuration as a result of its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The unique configuration of each enzyme enables it to â€Å"find† the correct substrate from among the large number of diverse molecules in the cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003). C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity Several factors influence the activity of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.   a.) Temperature The rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules move more slowly at low than at higher temperatures and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a certain temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This decrease is due to the enzyme’s denaturation, the loss of its characteristics three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). b.) pH Most enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Above or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and therefore the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ concentration (pH) in the medium is changed, many of the enzyme’s amino acids are affected and the protein’s three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). c.) Substrate Concentration There is a maximum rate at which a certain amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. Only when the concentration of substrate(s) is extremely high can this maximum rate be attained. Under conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated; that is, its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a further increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all active sites are already in used. If a substrate’s concentration exceeds a cell’s saturation level for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increased only if the cell produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). However, under normal cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, many of the enzyme molecules are inactive for lack of substrate; thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration. d.) Inhibitors An effective way to control the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. As a result, the cells stop functioning and die. Enzyme inhibitors are classified according to their mechanism of action as competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate. Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site; instead they interact with another part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (â€Å"other space†) inhibition, an enzyme’s activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by binding of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrate’s binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). III. Conclusion In conclusion, the sum of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions usually release energy. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characteristic three-dimensional shapes. Reference: Neidhardt, F.C. and K.E. van Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. â€Å"Metabolism; What Is It Exactly and How Fast or Slow Should It Be?† The Washington Times, January 31, 2006. â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism.† USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003 How to cite Metabolism, Essay examples Metabolism Free Essays Now that you are familiar with the structure of prokaryotic cells, we can discuss the activities that allow these microbes to thrive. The life support activity of even the most structurally simple organism involves a large number of complex biochemical reactions. Most, although not all, of the biochemical processes of bacteria also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Metabolism or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). For example, some bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) can grow on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia. This paper examines some representative chemical reactions that either produce energy (the catabolic reactions) or use energy (the anabolic reactions) in microorganisms. We will also look at how these various reactions are integrated within the cell. II. Discussion A. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions We use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Because chemical reactions either release or require energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided into two classes of chemical reactions—those that release energy and those that require energy. In living cells, the chemical reactions that release energy are generally the ones involved in catabolism, the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones. These reactions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions. On the other hand, the energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and require energy to form a new chemical bonds. Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds store energy; when they are broken, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water. Catabolic reactions furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions. This coupling of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (ATP). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups. When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed, and energy is released to drive anabolic reactions. Using P to represent a phosphate group, we can write this reaction as (ATP— ADP + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is used to combine ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy— ATP). Thus, anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing; some molecules are being broken down while others are being synthesized. This balanced flow of chemicals and energy maintains the life of a cell (â€Å"Metabolism; What is it exactly and how fast or slow should it be?†). B. Enzymes Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken. In order for reactions to take place, atoms, ions, or molecules must collide. Whether a collision produces a reaction depends on the speed of the particles, the amount of energy required to trigger the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific configuration of the particles. The physiological temperature and pressure of organisms are too low for chemical reactions to occur quickly enough to maintain the life of the organism. Raising the temperature and pressure and the number of reacting molecules can increase the frequency of collisions and the rate of chemical reactions. However, such changes could damage or kill the organism. The living cell’s solution to this problem is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions in several ways. For example, an enzyme may bring two reactant molecules close together and may properly orient them to react. Whatever the method, the result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressure inside the cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003). Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes serve as biological catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. Each acts on specific substance, called the enzyme’s substrate (or substrates when there are two or more reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, sucrose (table sugar) is the substrate of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose. The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their structures. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to several million. Each of the thousands of known enzymes has a characteristics three-dimensional shape with a specific surface configuration as a result of its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The unique configuration of each enzyme enables it to â€Å"find† the correct substrate from among the large number of diverse molecules in the cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003). C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity Several factors influence the activity of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. a.) Temperature The rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules move more slowly at low than at higher temperatures and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a certain temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This decrease is due to the enzyme’s denaturation, the loss of its characteristics three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). Most enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Above or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and therefore the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ concentration (pH) in the medium is changed, many of the enzyme’s amino acids are affected and the protein’s three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). Substrate Concentration There is a maximum rate at which a certain amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. Only when the concentration of substrate(s) is extremely high can this maximum rate be attained. Under conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated; that is, its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a further increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all active sites are already in used. If a substrate’s concentration exceeds a cell’s saturation level for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increased only if the cell produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). However, under normal cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, many of the enzyme molecules are inactive for lack of substrate; thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration. Inhibitors An effective way to control the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. As a result, the cells stop functioning and die. Enzyme inhibitors are classified according to their mechanism of action as competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate. Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site; instead they interact with another part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (â€Å"other space†) inhibition, an enzyme’s activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by binding of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrate’s binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt Holde, 1990). III. Conclusion In conclusion, the sum of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions usually release energy. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characteristic three-dimensional shapes. Reference: Neidhardt, F.C. and K.E. van Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. â€Å"Metabolism; What Is It Exactly and How Fast or Slow Should It Be?† The Washington Times, January 31, 2006. â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism.† USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003 How to cite Metabolism, Essay examples

Securitization Pros free essay sample

The introduction of financial sector reforms in India has led to innovations in financial markets and instruments. One of the most prominent developments in the international finance in recent times that is likely to assume even greater importance in future is ‘securitisation’. Securitisation is the process of pooling and re-packaging of homogenous illiquid loans into marketable securities. Increased pressure on operating efficiency, on market niches, on competitive advantages, and on capital strength, all provide fuel for rapid changes. Securitisation is one of the solutions to these challenges. 2. Reserve Bank of India, as a facilitator, has attempted to explore the intricacies of securitisation as a process of financial engineering and its applicability to the Indian financial system especially in the mortgage and infrastructure sectors. The in-house Working Group constituted by the Bank had the benefit of presentations of and interaction with market intermediaries, regulators, industry experts and international agencies on various aspects associated with securitisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Securitization Pros or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. The report defines asset securitisation and makes a reference to future flow securitisation. Motivation and benefits in the form of capital relief, improvement in return on equity and return on assets, use as a strategic tool, asset liability management, improved liquidity, upgradation in system, Originator discipline, etc. have been highlighted. 4. Various impediments viz. , lack of investors’ base, capital market infrastructure, regulatory framework, legal provisions, accounting and taxation issues besides good quality assets, past data and standardisation of documents have been identified. In the process of exploring opportunities in India, the ideal conditions for success of securitisation in USA and other countries are highlighted. 5. Experience of securitisation in a few developed countries (USA, Japan, Australia, etc. ) and emerging markets like Thailand, Argentina and Morocco has been discussed in detail. The report also identifies securitisation of impaired assets. 6. The disclosure norms and rating will provide touchstones. The Offer Document should give rating rationale which should seek to comment on the quality of the receivables, payment structures, adequacy of the credit enhancement, risks and concerns for investors and the mitigating factors, etc. Rating agencies have already acquired a fair degree of expertise in India through rating of structured obligations and other issues that are quite similar to securitisation. 7. True sale characteristics of securitisation transactions are required to be reflected in the books of accounts, statements to be furnished to the concerned regulators as also to the tax authorities. Since there are no guidelines for accounting treatment of these transactions, the accounting procedures with appropriate guidelines need to be framed by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India for the sake of uniformity. A background paper has been prepared in this regard and attached to this report which may serve as a guide in the interregnum. The background paper includes a few illustrations for the guidance of the financial entities. 8. The role of various regulators (RBI, SEBI, etc. ) and other agencies / entities has also been discussed. 9. The recommendations have been categorised into short-term, medium-term and longterm with definite timeframe in each category. The major recommendations on legal issues (short-term) are incorporated in Chapter 9. These include: i) Defining securitisation in the Transfer of Property Act to lend uniformity of approach and restrict the benefits provided by law/regulation for genuine securitisation transactions. ii) Rationalisation of stamp duty to make it uniform at 0. 1 per cent for all securitisation transactions. Attempts may be made to bring the subject under the purview of Indian Stamps Act 1889 from the State Stamp Acts. ii) Reduction of registration charges by amending Section 17(2) of the Registration Act. iv) Inclusion of securitised instruments in Securities Contract Regulation Act. v) SEBI may consider removal of prohibition on investment in mortgage backed securities by Mutual Fund Schemes. vi) Tax neutrality of Special Purpose Vehicle. Recommendations for tax reforms also in clude the spread of upfront income received by Originator over the tenure of the loan securitised, extension of benefits under Section 88 of Income Tax Act for repayment of housing loans after the loans have been securitised etc. 10. Other recommendations are summarised below: i) The most significant impact of securitisation arises from the placement of different risks and rights of an asset with the most efficient owner. The training institutes of the financial institutions should attempt to spread awareness of the benefits and scope of securitisation increasingly among financial community. ii) Spell out the risk weights and NPA norms on securitised paper. Insurance Companies and Provident Funds need to be encouraged to invest in the securitised paper. Besides, suitable regulatory framework may have to be evolved to encourage Foreign Institutional Investors. ii) Listing requirements for various securities to be issued may be stipulated which may include minimum issue size, eligible stock exchanges etc. iv) Include the securitised paper in demat trading. v) While identifying the key characteristics of special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to keep the structure â€Å"remote† from the bankruptcy of the Originator, t he Group recommends flexibility in the structure of SPV. SEBI may formulate detailed guidelines in this regard. vi) Accounting treatment should enable the ‘off balance sheet’ effect for securitised assets. Such treatment for future flow securitisation, credit enhancer etc. has been clarified. A Research Committee of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India is already working on minute details of accounting treatment. vii) Adequate disclosure norms are recommended for an ‘informed† decision by the investor. A model Offer document has been attempted by the Group to give information on description of assets, historical performance, end use of funds, transaction structure, and statement of risk factors. The Group also recommends continuous disclosures. iii) The report has suggested prudential guidelines for banks, developmental financial institutions, non-banking finance companies, etc. including broad creteria for true sale. Model prudential guidelines have been prepared which incorporate issues such as off balance sheet treatment, credit enhancement, servicing, etc. ix) Medium term measures include increased flow of information thorough credit bureaus, standardisation of documents, improvement in the quality of assets, upgradation of computer skills and exploration of the possibilities of securitising non-performing assets.